Vocab+(all)

* = vocabulary that aren’t included __ DNA VOCAB __ Nucleus – large oval structure that acts as the ‘brain’ of a cell nucleic acids – very long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They are the ‘code’ for everything about us. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – the genetic material that carries information (appearance, behavior, traits) about an organism, directs all of the cell’s functions, and is passed from parent to offspring. Most of the DNA is found in the chromatin in the nucleus. twisted ladder – structure of DNA / what a DNA molecule looks like double helix - official name of the structure of DNA *deoxyribose – the sugar molecules that make up the sides of a DNA molecule nitrogen bases – what each rung of a DNA ladder is made out of guanine – one of the four kinds of nitrogen bases **(G)** thymine – one of the four kinds of nitrogen bases **(T)** cytosine – one of the four kinds of nitrogen bases **(C)** adenine – one of the four kinds of nitrogen bases **(A)** base pairs – nitrogen bases / the bases on each side of the ladder pair with the bases on the other side. Adenine only pairs with thymine. Guanine only pairs with cytosine. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – the genetic material found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus that plays an important role in the production of proteins *heredity – the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring trait – each different form of a characteristic *genetics – the scientific study of heredity gene – A section of a DNA molecule that contains the information to code for one specific protein. It is made up of a series of bases in a row. the factors that control a trait. They are located on chromosomes. *alleles – different forms of a gene backbone – spine, bone in your back hydrogenbond - to a pyrimidine in the other. Cytosine always pairs with guanine, and adenine with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA) ** GENES < DNA < CHROMOSOMES < CELL NUCLEUS ** __ Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis Vocab __ Cellcycle – the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo *daughtercells – the two new cells that produce when a cell grows, prepares for division, and is divided during the cell cycle *interphase –  **During interphase, the cells //grows//, //makes a copy// of its DNA, and //prepares to divide// into two cells**. DNAreplication - the process in which cells makes an exact copy of the DNA in a nucleus. It begins when two sides of the DNA molecule unwind and separate, somewhat like a zipper unzipping. Mitosis -  the stage during which the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. **During mitosis, one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the daughter cells. (**Mitosis is divided into four parts: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase not important.) CellDivision – Mitosis – when the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. Chromosome – double-rod structures that are formed when the threadlike chromatin in the nucleus thickens during prophase. Each chromosome has two rods because the cell’s DNA has replicated, and each rod in a chromosome is an exact copy of the other. Made out of DNA. *Chromatin – thin strands containing genetic material, that float in the nucleus, instructs the directing of the cell’s functions. So basically, the “boss of the boss”, which is the nucleus, or the “brain in your head” Chromatid – The identical rod in a chromosome Centromere – The structure that holds the two chromatids together to form a chromosome *Cytokenesis -  During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides. The organelles are distributed into each of the two new cells. When cytokinesis is complete, the daughter cells, have completely formed. At the end of cytokinesis, each cell enters interphase, and the cycle restarts. Cellsproduced – Cytokinesis – when cytokinesis is complete, two daughter cells have formed. *organelles – tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell *meiosis – the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells – sperm and eggs Sexcells – sperms and eggs Identical - same Variation - different / range AsexualReproduction – reproduction done single SexualReproduction – reproduction done with two – a male and female Growth+Repair – growing, developing + when hurt, it is fixed